Drug Chem Toxicol 29:11–24īennett JR, Kaufman CA, Koch I, Sova J, Reimer KJ (2007) Ecological risk assessment of lead contamination at rifle and pistol ranges using techniques to account for site characteristics. Toxicol Environ Chem 91:1191–1203īandhu HK, Dani V, Garg ML, Dhawan DK (2006) Hepatoprotective role of zinc in lead-treated, protein-deficient rats. Birds of both sexes that received a single Pb fragment displayed depressed δ-ALAD, suggesting altered hematologic function, while all birds dosed with five bullet fragments exhibited greater morbidity.Īl-Mansour MI, Al-Otaibi NM, Alarifi SS, Ibrahim SA, Jarrar BM (2009) Histological and histochemical alterations induced by lead in the liver of the quail Coturnix coturnix. In males but not females, feed consumption, body weight gain, packed cell volume (PCV), plasma protein concentration, and δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (δ-ALAD) activity were all adversely affected by five Pb fragments. Blood Pb levels were higher in males than females, which may be related to egg production in females. Based on radiographs, the majority of the birds cleared or absorbed the fragments by seven days, with the exception of one five-fragment bird which took between 7 and 14 days. In the present study, northern bobwhite quail fed a seed-based diet were orally gavaged with Pb bullet fragments (zero, one or five fragments/bird) and evaluated for rate of fragment clearance, and changes in peripheral blood, renal, immune, and gastrointestinal parameters. Data are currently lacking for the retention and clearance of Pb bullet fragments in gastrointestinal (GI) tract of birds while linking toxicity with blood Pb levels. In birds, a common route of exposure is via oral ingestion of lead particles. Lead (Pb) is a worldwide environmental contaminant known to adversely affect multiple organ systems in both mammalian and avian species.
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